Special: IL DATABASE NUCLEARE Parte 3
ELENCO DEGLI INCIDENTI RADIOATTIVI O DA CAUSE CONNESSE
Elenco compilato da Wm. Robert Johnston – Fonte e traduzioni di ProgettoHumus da: johnstonsarchive.net
Questa è una lista incompleta degli incidenti radioattivi.
Cliccando sulla casella luogo, ad ogni rispettivo incidente, si potranno leggere i dettagli (in inglese).
| DATA | LUOGO | TIPO DI INCIDENTE/EVENTO | DOSI PIU’ ELEVATE (rem) | MORTI | FERITI |
| ~553 | Chicago, Illinois, USA | Sovraesposizione radiografica | L | 0 | 1 |
| ~1905 | Washington, District of Columbia, USA | Sovraesposizione radiografica | L | 0 | 1 |
| 6 Aug 1945 | Hiroshima, Japan | Uso bellico di arma nucleare | (~80,000–N) | 45,000 (130,000) | 80,000? |
| 9 Aug 1945 | Nagasaki, Japan | Uso bellico di arma nucleare | (~200,000–N) | 20,000 (65,000) | 50,000? |
| 21 Aug 1945 | Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA | Criticità di incidente con assemblaggio di plutonio | 510 | 1 | 1 |
| 21 May 1946 | Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA | Criticità di incidente con assemblaggio di plutonio | 2,100 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 Jun 1952 | Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, USA | Criticità di incidente con uranio | 136 | 0 | 2 |
| 15 Mar 1953 | Mayak Enterprise, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con soluzione di plutonio | 1,000 | 0 | 2 |
| 1 Mar 1954 | Bikini Atoll, Pacific Ocean | fallout atmosferico da test nucleare | 300 | 1 | 93+ |
| 21 Apr 1957 | Mayak Enterprise, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con soluzione di uranio | 3,000 | 1 | 5 |
| 2 Jan 1958 | Mayak Enterprise, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con soluzione di uranio | 6,000 | 3 | 1 |
| 16 Jun 1958 | Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA | Criticità di incidente con soluzione di uranio | 460 | 0 | 5 |
| 15 Oct 1958 | Vinca, Yugoslavia | Criticità di incidente in un reattore di ricerca | 430 | 1 | 5 |
| 30 Dec 1958 | Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA | Criticità di incidente con soluzione di plutonio | 12,000 | 1 | 0 |
| 13 Oct 1960 | K-8 submarine, Barents Sea | Perdita da un reattore | 200 | 0 | 3 |
| 1960 | USSR | Sovraesposizione intenzionale | 1500 | 1 | 0 |
| 1960 | USSR | Ingestione di materiale radioattivo | L | 1 | 0 |
| 3 Jan 1961 | Idaho RTA, Idaho, USA | Criticità di incidente con uranio in un reattore di ricerca | (~350–N) | 0 (3) | 0 |
| 4 Jul 1961 | K-19 submarine, North Atlantic | Incidente in n reattore | 6,000 | 8 | 31 |
| 14 Jul 1961 | Siberian Chemical Combine, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con uranio | 200 | 0 | 1 |
| 1961 | Switzerland | Vernice di trizio | 300 | 1 | 2 |
| 1961 | Plymouth, United Kingdom | Incidente radiografico | L | 0 | 11? |
| 7 Apr 1962 | Hanford, Washington, USA | Criticità di incidente con soluzione di plutonio | 110 | 0 | 2 |
| 1962 | Mexico City, Mexico | Fonte radiografica compromessa | 5,200 | 4 | 1 |
| 11 Jan 1963 | Sanlian, PRC | Fonte compromessa | 8,000 | 2 | 4 |
| 11 Mar 1963 | Sarov, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con assemblaggio di plutonio | 550 | 0 | 2 |
| 24 Jul 1964 | Wood River, Rhode Island, USA | Criticità di incidente con soluzione di uranio in un impianto di uranio | 10,000 | 1 | 1 |
| 1964 | FR Germany | Vernice di trizio | 1,000 | 1 | 3 |
| 30 Dec 1965 | Mol, Belgium | Criticità di incidente con uranio in acqua | 500 | 0 | 1 |
| 1965 | Illinois, USA | Incidente di irraggiamento | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1967 | Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA | Incidente da irraggiamento | 600 | 0 | 3 |
| 5 Apr 1968 | Chelyabinsk-70, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con uranio in assemblaggio | 3,000 | 2 | 0 |
| 3 May- Jun 1968 |
La Plata, Argentina | Fonte compromessa | L | 0 | 1 |
| 10 Dec 1968 | Mayak Enterprise, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con soluzione di plutonio | 2,450 | 1 | 1 |
| 1968 | Chicago, Illinois, USA | Incidente da irradiazione | ~450 | 1 | 0 |
| 1970 | Australia | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 2 |
| 4 Feb 1971 | USA | Incidente da irradiazione | ~260 | 0 | 1 |
| 15 Feb 1971 | Kurtchatov, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con uranio | 330 | 0 | 2 |
| 26 May 1971 | Kurtchatov, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con uranio in acqua | 6,000 | 2 | 2 |
| 1971 | Chiba, Japan | Fonte compromessa | 130 | 0 | 3 |
| 1972 | Bulgaria | Esposizione radioattiva autoinflitta | L | 1 | 0 |
| Jun 1974 | Parsippany, New Jersey, USA | Incidente da irradiazione | 400 | 0 | 1 |
| 1974-1976 | USA | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 88 |
| 1975 | Tucuman, Argentina | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 2 |
| 1975 | Brescia, Lombardia, Italy | Incidente da irraggiamento alimentare | 1,200 | 1 | 0 |
| 1976? | USA | Incidenti da fluoroscopio | L | 0 | 2 |
| 1977 | Atucha, Argentina | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1977 | La Plata, Argentina | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1977 | Rockaway, New Jersey, USA | Incidente da irradiazione | 200 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 May 1978 | Setif, Algeria | Fonte radiografica compromessa | 140 | 1 | 6 |
| 13 Dec 1978 | Siberian Chemical Combine, Russia, USSR | Criticità di incidente con soluzione di plutonio | 250 | 0 | 1 |
| 1978 | Buenos Aries, Argentina | Incidente da esposizione a fonte industriale | L | 0 | 1 |
| 5 Jun 1979 | Los Angeles, California, USA | Fonte compromessa | L | 0 | 5 |
| 1979 | Parana, Argentina | Incidente radiografico | 94 | 0 | 1 |
| 1979 | Montpelier, France | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1970s? | France | Assalto radiologico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1980 | Shanghai, PRC | Incidente da irradiazione | 500 | 0 | 1 |
| 1980 | Texas, USA | Incidente radioterapico | L? | 7 | ? |
| 2 Apr 1981 | Saintes, France | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 3 |
| 29 Jul 1981 | Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA | Intenzionale autoesposizione a fonte industriale radiografica | ? | 1 | 0 |
| 1981 | Buenos Aires, Argentina | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 2 |
| 2 Sep 1982 | Kjeller, Norway | autoclavatura | 2,200 | 1 | 0 |
| 1982 | La Plata, Argentina | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 23 Sep 1983 | Constituyentes, Argentina | Criticità di incidente con uranio in acqua | 3,700 | 1 | 0 |
| 6 Dec 1983- Feb 1984 |
Ciudad Juarez, Mexico | Dispersione di fonte radiografica compromessa | 450 | 1 | 4 |
| Mar 1984 | Casablanca, Morocco | fonte radiografica compromessa | ? | 8 | 3 |
| 1984 | Mendoza, Argentina | Incidente radiografico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 3 Jun 1985 | Marietta, Georgia, USA | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 26 Jul 1985 | Hamilton, Ontario, Canada | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 10 Aug 1985 | K-314 submarine, Vladivostok, Russia, USSR | Incidente di reattore in corso di rifornimento | ? | 10 | 49 |
| 1985 | PRC (Cina) | Incidente di acceleratore | ? | 0 | 2 |
| 1985 | PRC (Cina) | Incidente radioterapico | L | 1 | 1 |
| 1985 | PRC (Cina) | Incidente da irradiazione | L? | 0 | 3 |
| 1985 | Odessa, Texas, USA | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 1 |
| Sep 1985- 6 Jan 1986 |
Yakima, Washington, USA | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 21 Mar- 11 Apr 1986 |
Tyler, Texas, USA | Incidente radioterapico | L | 2 | 0 |
| 26 Apr- 6 May 1986 |
Chernobyl, Ukraine, USSR | Esplosione di vapore e fuoco in un reattore di grafite | 1,600 | 28 (31) | 238+ |
| 1986 | Kaifeng City, PRC | Incidente da irradiazione | 350 | 0 | 2 |
| 1986 | United Kingdom | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 17 Jan 1987 | Yakima, Washington, USA | Incidente radioterapico | L | 1 | 0 |
| Jul- Sep 1987 |
Koko, Nigeria | Esposizione radiologica ad un basso livello di scorie | ? | 0 | 26 |
| 12-29 Sep 1987 | Goiania, Goias, Brazil | Dispersione accidentale di fonte radiografica compromessa | 700 | 5 | 20 |
| 1987 | Zhengzhou City, PRC | Incidente da irradiazione | 135 | 0 | 1 |
| 1988 | Zhao Xian, PRC | Incidente da irradiazione | 520 | 0 | 1 |
| 1988 | Exeter, United Kingdom | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | ? |
| 5 Feb 1989 | San Salvador, El Salvador | Incidente da irradiazione | 800 | 1 | 2 |
| 1989 | Beijing, PRC | Incidente da irradiazione | 89 | 0 | 2 |
| 1989 | PRC | Incidente radiografico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 29 Mar 1990 | USA | Incidenti da fluoroscopio | L | 0 | 1 |
| 21 Jun 1990 | Soreq, Israel | Incidente in un impianto radioattivo commerciale | 1,500 | 1 | 0 |
| Jun 1990 | Shanghai, PRC | Incidente da irradiazione | 1,200 | 2 | 5 |
| 10-20 Dec 1990 | Zarragosa, Spain | Incidente radioterapico | L | 18 | 9 |
| 1990 | Sasolburg, South Africa | Fonte compromessa | L | 0 | 4 |
| Aug 1991 | Forbach, France | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 1 |
| 26 Oct 1991 | Nesvizh, Belarus | Incidente da irradiazione | 1,100 | 1 | 0 |
| 11 Dec 1991 | Maryland, USA | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1977?-1991 | United Kingdom | Incidente radiografico | L | 1 | 0 |
| 16-21 Nov 1992 | City of Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA | Incidente radioterapico | L | 1 | 0 |
| 19 Nov 1992 | Jilin, Xinzhou, PRC | Fonte industriale compromessa | 800 | 3 | 5 |
| 17 Nov 1992 | Hanoi, Vietnam | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 1 |
| Nov 1992 | PRC | Incidente da irradiazione | ? | 0 | 4 |
| 1992 | San Antonio, Texas, USA | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1993 | Russia | Omicidio usando una fonte radioattiva | ? | 1 | 0 |
| 28 Apr 1994 | Tokyo, Japan | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 1 |
| 21 Oct- 18 Nov 1994 |
Tammiku, Estonia | Fonte compromessa | 400 | 1 | 4 |
| 1994 | Texas City, Texas, USA | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1995 | France | Incidente radiografico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1995 | France | Fonte compromessa | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1995 | Tyler, Texas, USA | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| Jun 1996- 9 Oct 1997 |
Lilo Training Center, Tbilisi, Georgia | Fonte compromessa | 590 | 0 | 11 |
| 24 Jul 1996 | Gilan, Iran | Fonte industriale radiografica compromessa | 450 | 0 | 1 |
| 22 Aug- 27 Sep 1996 |
San Jose, Costa Rica | Incidente radioterapico | L | 7 | 81 |
| 17 Jun 1997 | Arzamas-16, Russia | Criticità di incidente con uranio in assemblaggio | 4,850 | 1 | 0 |
| 1997 | Georgia | Fonte compromessa | ? | 1 | ? |
| 1998 | Houston, Texas, USA | Incidente da irradiazione | L | 0 | 1 |
| 10 Dec 1998- 8 Jan 1999 |
Istanbul, Turkey | Fonte compromessa radiografica | 310 | 0 | 10 |
| 20 Feb 1999 | Yanango, Peru | Fonte compromessa | 150 | 0 | 1 |
| 13 Sep 1999 | Grozny, Russia | Tentato furto di fonti | high | 3 | 3 |
| 30 Sep- 1 Oct 1999 |
Toki-mura, Japan | Criticità di incidente con uranio in soluzione | 1,800 | 2 | 1 |
| 1999 | Houston, Texas, USA | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 1 |
| 1999 | Kingisepp, Russia | Fonte compromessa | ? | 3 | |
| 24 Jan- 20 Feb 2000 |
Samut Prakarn, Thailand | Fonte compromessa radiografica | 200 | 3 | 7 |
| 5 Jun- 3 Jul 2000 |
Mit Halfa, Egypt | Fonte compromessa radiografica | ? | 2 | 5 |
| Aug 2000- 24 Mar 2001 |
Panama City, Panama | Incidente radioterapico | L | 17 | 11 |
| 27 Feb 2001 | Bialystok Oncology Center, Poland | Incidente radioterapico | L | 0 | 5 |
| ~2001 | Samara, Russia | Fonte compromessa radiografica | 275 | 0 | 3 |
| summer 2001 | Kandalaksha, Russia | Fonte compromessa | ? | 0 | 4 |
| early Dec 2001- Feb 2002 |
Liya, Georgia | Fonte compromessa radiografica | ? | 0 | 3 |
| 2003- 13 Nov 2003 |
Kola Harbor, Russia | Fonte compromessa | ? | ? | 1+? |
| 5 gennaio/1 febbraio | Glasgow radiotheraphy accident, 2006 | Sovraesposizione a terapia radioattiva | 1 |
INCIDENTI PER TERRORISMO NUCLEARE al 28/09/03
LEGENDA:
Alla casella “DOSI PIU’ ELEVATE” la lettera “L” indica incidenti che riguardano esposizioni localizzate; la lettera “N” indica la più alta dose individuale ricevuta dovuta agli effetti oltre che alle radiazioni ionizzanti
“MORTI“: si riferiscono alle morti indotte dalle radiazioni ionizzanti, inclusi dati parentetici dovuti da altri effetti (risultati termici e meccanici di esplosioni).
3 Jan 1961: United States–criticality accident at SL-1 test reactor kills 3; according to reports, the excursion was a murder-suicide by the worker who extracted a control rod.INCIDENTI PER TERRORISMO NUCLEARE al 28/09/03
1966-1977: Europe–10 terrorist incidents against European nuclear installations.2
before 1974: Austria–Radioisotope indium-113 applied to a railroad car.3
1974-1986: United States–32 acts of intentional damage or suspected sabotage at domestic nuclear facilities.4
1974-1985: Total of nearly 100 instances that involved response by NEST.5
1974-1980: United States–total of about 80 instances of nuclear threats deemed credible; only two prompted NEST deployment.6
15 Aug 1975: France–Two bombs exploded at Mt. d’Arree NPS in Brittany: one at far end of canal between plant and cooling lake, the other damaging a air chimney for plant buildings in the compound. The reactor was shut down temporarily for inspection.7
12 May 1976: Maine–Two bombs exploded in the headquarters of the Central Maine Power Company in Augusta; a Fred Hampton Unit of the People’s Forces claimed responsibility and demanded end to expansion of nuclear powerplants.8
10 Oct 1977: Oregon–Bomb exploded next to visitor center at Trojan NPS, with Environmental Assault Unit of the New World Liberation Front claiming responsibility.9
18 Dec 1977: Spain–4 ETA terrorists attack guard post at Lemoniz NPS, with one terrorist killed; ETA later claimed to have planned to blow up the reactors.10
17 Mar 1978: Spain–Bomb exploded in steam generator of Lemoniz NPS killing 2 construction workers and injuring 14, ten minutes after ETA phone call warned of bomb; damage amounted to $6,000,000.11
1979: France–Environmental terrorists cause $20 million in damages at a nuclear plant.12
1979: Virginia–2 plant operator trainees entered fuel storage building at Surry NPS and damaged four new fuel assemblies by pouring sodium hydroxide on them.13
Jan 1979: North Carolina–An employee of a GE subcontractor sent extortion letter with sample of uranium dioxide to general manager of GE nuclear faility in Wilmington. Individual had stolen two 5-gallon containers of uranium dioxide and threatened to disperse them in unnamed U.S. city unless he received $100,000 ransom. He was arrested and sentenced to 15 years.14
13 Jun 1979: Spain–Two ETA guerrillas planted bomb in turbine room of Lemoniz NPS which was later detonated 25 minutes after a warning call. One worker who did not evacuate was killed; a tank containing 5,000 liters of oil was ignited and turbine components were moderately damaged. The ETA claimed responsibility on 16 June.15
11 Nov 1979: Spain–5 ETA guerrillas entered Equipos Nucleares (Nuclear Instruments) factory in Maliano, planted explosives and kidnapped the 10 guards on duty; guards were released near Santander-Vizcaya border. Charges exploded after midnight, causing $6,000,000 in damage mostly to one end of main factory building. ETA claimed responsibility on 13 November.16
before 1980: France–Radioactive graphite fuel element plugs placed under driver’s seat of a car; victim sustained 25-30 rad dose to his spinal bone marrow and 400-500 rads to his testes. Perpetrator was tried and convicted of poisoning by radiation, fined $1,000, and served 9 months in prison.17
1981: New York–fuel oil filter drains were closed on backup diesel power generators at Nine Mile Point Unit 1, apparently intentionally, preventing their startup.18
1981: Ohio–water valve was found shut, apparently intentionally, at Beaver Valley NPS, leaving high-pressure portion of emergency cooling system disabled.19
1982: France–Five rockets fired into Creys-Malville nuclear facility, causing minor damage.20
Aug 1982: New Jersey–values were found closed on backup diesel generator at Salem Unit II NPS, apparently intentionally, which would prevent generator start-up.21
1983: West Germany–Four West Germans gain forced entry to a Pershing missile site and attempt to destroy a missile with crowbars.22
12 Nov 1984: Missouri–Four Catholic peace activists of the Silo Pruning Hooks entered Minuteman ICBM site near Higginsville and did over $10,000 worth of damage to equipment with a jack hammer; all were arrested and charged with destruction of federal property.23
Apr 1985: New York–Credible claim emerged that New York City’s water reservoirs had been contaminated with plutonium; testing detected femtocurie levels of plutonium in the water.24
Jun 1985: Arizona–Report of intentional tampering with water valves at Palo Verde NPS.25
after 1987: Pennsylvania–Mentally ill man drives his station wagon through the fence at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant and wanders on foot for a period of time before being captured.26
28 Nov 1987: California–Bomb exploded at 1:30 A.M. in parking lot of Sandia National Laboratories (next to LLNL); 32 hours later a caller claimed responsibility for the Nuclear Liberation Front, although link was unconfirmed.27
Feb 1990: Azerbaijan--Azerbeijani rebels unsuccessfully attacked a Soviet military depot near Baku where nuclear weapons are stored; Soviet troops were sent to secure the base.28
Jan 1992: Iran–Egyptian newspaper claimed Iran had bought three Soviet nuclear warheads from Kazakhstan for $150 million; Kazakhstan denied the report. In April Russian intelligence reported Iran had obtained at least two warheads from Kazakhstan; in July a Kazakh official said the three reportedly missing warheads were in test shafts at the Kazakh test site; in September a U.S. congressional task force alleged Iran had obtained 4 Soviet warheads (including 2 operational): two 40 kt SRBM warheads, one 50 kt NGB, and one 0.1 kt AFAP. By 1994 Russia said the warheads were accounted for; Israeli officials suggest the warheads were borrowed for disassembly and reverse engineering.29
Mar 1992: CIS–Reportedly, box of radioactive material stolen from Pridniestroviye, Transdnestr; thieves threatened to blow up the material if fighting in Moldova was not stopped.30
1993: Russia–A radioactive substance was planted in the chair of Vladimir Kaplun, director of a Russian packing company; over several weeks Kaplun contracted radiation sickness and died.31
Nov 1993: Russia–Two nuclear warheads reportedly stolen by two employees of the Zlatoust-36 Instrument Building Plant near Chelyabinsk, a weapons assembly facility; weapons recovered in a nearby residential garage and the employees arrested shortly afterwards.32
Mar 1994: Russia–At SS-25 ICBM site at Barnaul in Siberia, a Russian soldier opens fire with sub-machine gun and kills commander and two other soldiers; other soldiers could not return fire because they would have had to fire towards the SS-25; the soldier was persuaded to surrender after three hours, having taking refuge in an armoured vehicle.33
23 Nov 1995: Russia–Shamil Basayev, Chechen rebel commander, directs television news crew to a parcel of cesium-137 buried in Izmailovsky Park, eastern Moscow; parcel reportedly posed no threat and was removed.
Parcel weighed 32 kg, contained 10-50 mCi, and was part of a hospital x-ray machine taken in a prior raid.34
Dec 1995: France–Saboteurs put salt into a cooling contour of one of the Blayais nuclear power reactors.35
9 Jan 1996: Russia–Chechen fighters attack a Russian military airfield at Kizlyar unsucessfully, then temporarily take about 2,000 civilian hostages.36
Jun 1996: New York–several individuals arrested in plot to kill Republican officials; seized weapons included radioactive materials.37
after 1996: Russia–Gunman barracades himself in a nuclear submarine and holds police at bay for several hours.38
May 1997: Russia–Aleksandr Lebed claims privately and later publicly that a number of Soviet ADMs disguised as suitcases are missing; his claims are affirmed by some but no concrete evidence emerges.39
Nov 1997: Russia–Several threats to sabotage submarine nuclear reactors are made by one or more Murmansk shipyard workers in demanding back pay they are owed.40
19 Aug 1999: United States–Andris Blakis spread phosphorous-32 on the chair of a co-worker in Los Angeles, CA, causing a dose to the co-worker of a few tenths of a rem; Blakis was arrested and charged.41
6-8 Jun 2000: Japan–Tsugio Uchinishi sent letters laced with monazite (a thorium-containing mineral) to 10 government offices in Tokyo in protest of illegal uranium exports to North Korea.42
20 Dec 2000: Japan–A man scattered a small amount of iodine-125 at a subway ticket gate in Osaka; the man was arrested, and no injuries resulted.43
2001: worldwide–6 incidents involving terrorism with nuclear or radiological materials.44